Dominios de primeiro nivel
Son dominios que, na estrutura do espazo de nomes DNS, se atopan baixo o dominio raíz. A un dominio deste tipo tamén se lle chama TLD (Top Level Domain).
Exemplos de dominios de primeiro nivel son:
.com.net.info.es
Da xestión dun dominio de primeiro nivel encárgase unha determinada organización que usa varios servidores DNS. Por exemplo, no ámbito nacional, a xestión do dominio .es está delegada na organización Red.es. Os servidores DNS de Red.es (de primeiro nivel) conteñen información relativa aos servidores de dominio de segundo nivel.
Exemplos de dominios de segundo nivel son:
mec.esxunta.es
Polo tanto, cada servidor de Red.es ten información sobre os servidores de dominios como mec.es e xunta.es.
WHOIS
Cando unha entidade desexa dispoñer dun dominio, debe rexistralo ante un rexistrador oficial autorizado pola ICANN. O rexistrador oficial solicita diferentes datos sobre esa entidade e envíaos á organización encargada da xestión do dominio de primeiro nivel. Algúns datos son:
- Nome de dominio
- Nome do rexistrador
- ID do administrador
- Datos do administrador (nome e correo electrónico)
- ID técnico
- URL do rexistrador
- Data de creación e expiración do rexistro
- Datos sobre as DNS que emprega
Por exemplo, cando unha persoa rexistra un dominio .es, o rexistrador envía esa información a Red.es. Red.es almacena un rexistro dos propietarios de cada dominio .es. Esta información chámase WHOIS e é pública. Se queremos consultar a quen pertence un dominio .es, podemos facelo a través da ferramenta de nic.es. No caso dun dominio .com, pódelo facer coa ferramenta ICANN Lockup.
Privacidade e información WHOIS
Desde a entrada en vigor do Reglamento (EU) 2016/679 ou Reglamento Xeral de Protección de Datos (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR) o 25 de maio de 2018, os datos dos titulares dos dominios están protexidos, de modo que non sempre se pode coñecer quen é o propietario dun dominio.
Se se desexa realizar consultas desde a terminal, en Linux debemos instalar o paquete whois co seguinte comando:
sudo apt install whois
Exemplo de saída de comando
$ sudo apt install whois
Leyendo lista de paquetes... Hecho
Creando árbol de dependencias
Leyendo la información de estado... Hecho
Los paquetes indicados a continuación se instalaron de forma automática y ya no son necesarios.
linux-headers-5.8.0-31 linux-headers-5.8.0-31-generic linux-image-5.8.0-31-generic linux-modules-5.8.0-31-generic linux-modules-extra-5.8.0-31-generic
Utilice «sudo apt autoremove» para eliminarlos.
Se instalarán los siguientes paquetes NUEVOS:
whois
0 actualizados, 1 nuevos se instalarán, 0 para eliminar y 22 no actualizados.
Se necesita descargar 44,7 kB de archivos.
Se utilizarán 279 kB de espacio de disco adicional después de esta operación.
Des:1 http://es.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu groovy/main amd64 whois amd64 5.5.6 [44,7 kB]
Descargados 44,7 kB en 1s (66,7 kB/s)
Seleccionando el paquete whois previamente no seleccionado.
(Leyendo la base de datos ... 227589 ficheros o directorios instalados actualmente.)
Preparando para desempaquetar .../archives/whois_5.5.6_amd64.deb ...
Desempaquetando whois (5.5.6) ...
Configurando whois (5.5.6) ...
Procesando disparadores para man-db (2.9.3-2) ...
Para realizar unha consulta WHOIS, temos que indicar o dominio de segundo nivel para o cal queremos realizar a consulta. Por exemplo:
whois google.com
Exemplo de saída de comando
$ whois google.com
Domain Name: GOOGLE.COM
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T15:39:04Z
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T04:00:00Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2028-09-14T04:00:00Z
Registrar: MarkMonitor Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2083895740
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited
Name Server: NS1.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS2.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS3.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS4.GOOGLE.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of whois database: 2021-01-17T10:04:09Z <<<
For more information on Whois status codes, please visit https://icann.org/epp
NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the
registrar's sponsorship of the domain name registration in the registry is
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration
date of the domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring
registrar. Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.
TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and
automated except as reasonably necessary to register domain names or
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information
about or related to a domain name registration record. VeriSign does not
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone,
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation,
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register
domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure
operational stability. VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.
Domain Name: google.com
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T08:39:04-0700
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T00:00:00-0700
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2028-09-13T00:00:00-0700
Registrar: MarkMonitor, Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2083895770
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited)
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited)
Registrant Organization: Google LLC
Registrant State/Province: CA
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Admin Organization: Google LLC
Admin State/Province: CA
Admin Country: US
Admin Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Tech Organization: Google LLC
Tech State/Province: CA
Tech Country: US
Tech Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Name Server: ns2.google.com
Name Server: ns3.google.com
Name Server: ns1.google.com
Name Server: ns4.google.com
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2021-01-17T02:00:58-0800 <<<
For more information on WHOIS status codes, please visit:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes
If you wish to contact this domain’s Registrant, Administrative, or Technical
contact, and such email address is not visible above, you may do so via our web
form, pursuant to ICANN’s Temporary Specification. To verify that you are not a
robot, please enter your email address to receive a link to a page that
facilitates email communication with the relevant contact(s).
Web-based WHOIS:
https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois
If you have a legitimate interest in viewing the non-public WHOIS details, send
your request and the reasons for your request to whoisrequest@markmonitor.com
and specify the domain name in the subject line. We will review that request and
may ask for supporting documentation and explanation.
The data in MarkMonitor’s WHOIS database is provided for information purposes,
and to assist persons in obtaining information about or related to a domain
name’s registration record. While MarkMonitor believes the data to be accurate,
the data is provided "as is" with no guarantee or warranties regarding its
accuracy.
By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for
lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data to:
(1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission by email, telephone,
or facsimile of mass, unsolicited, commercial advertising, or spam; or
(2) enable high volume, automated, or electronic processes that send queries,
data, or email to MarkMonitor (or its systems) or the domain name contacts (or
its systems).
MarkMonitor reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
By submitting this query, you agree to abide by this policy.
MarkMonitor Domain Management(TM)
Protecting companies and consumers in a digital world.
Visit MarkMonitor at https://www.markmonitor.com
Contact us at +1.8007459229
In Europe, at +44.02032062220
--
Da consulta anterior, podemos obter que o dominio google.com foi rexistrado por Google LLC o 15 de setembro de 1997. Ademais, podemos ver que os servidores DNS son:
ns1.google.comns2.google.comns3.google.comns4.google.com
En Windows tamén se pode utilizar a ferramenta whois. Débese descargar da páxina oficial. Úsase da mesma maneira que en Linux:
C:\> whois google.com
Exemplo de saída de comando
C:\>whois google.com
Whois v1.21 - Domain information lookup
Copyright (C) 2005-2019 Mark Russinovich
Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com
Connecting to COM.whois-servers.net...
WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T15:39:04Z
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T04:00:00Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2028-09-14T04:00:00Z
Registrar: MarkMonitor Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2083895740
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited https://icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited
Name Server: NS1.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS2.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS3.GOOGLE.COM
Name Server: NS4.GOOGLE.COM
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
>>> Last update of whois database: 2021-01-17T10:17:41Z <<<
For more information on Whois status codes, please visit https://icann.org/epp
NOTICE: The expiration date displayed in this record is the date the
registrar's sponsorship of the domain name registration in the registry is
currently set to expire. This date does not necessarily reflect the expiration
date of the domain name registrant's agreement with the sponsoring
registrar. Users may consult the sponsoring registrar's Whois database to
view the registrar's reported date of expiration for this registration.
TERMS OF USE: You are not authorized to access or query our Whois
database through the use of electronic processes that are high-volume and
automated except as reasonably necessary to register domain names or
modify existing registrations; the Data in VeriSign Global Registry
Services' ("VeriSign") Whois database is provided by VeriSign for
information purposes only, and to assist persons in obtaining information
about or related to a domain name registration record. VeriSign does not
guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a Whois query, you agree to abide
by the following terms of use: You agree that you may use this Data only
for lawful purposes and that under no circumstances will you use this Data
to: (1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass
unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via e-mail, telephone,
or facsimile; or (2) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes
that apply to VeriSign (or its computer systems). The compilation,
repackaging, dissemination or other use of this Data is expressly
prohibited without the prior written consent of VeriSign. You agree not to
use electronic processes that are automated and high-volume to access or
query the Whois database except as reasonably necessary to register
domain names or modify existing registrations. VeriSign reserves the right
to restrict your access to the Whois database in its sole discretion to ensure
operational stability. VeriSign may restrict or terminate your access to the
Whois database for failure to abide by these terms of use. VeriSign
reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
The Registry database contains ONLY .COM, .NET, .EDU domains and
Registrars.
Connecting to whois.markmonitor.com...
WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T08:39:04-0700
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T00:00:00-0700
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2028-09-13T00:00:00-0700
Registrar: MarkMonitor, Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2083895770
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited)
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited)
Registrant Organization: Google LLC
Registrant State/Province: CA
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Admin Organization: Google LLC
Admin State/Province: CA
Admin Country: US
Admin Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Tech Organization: Google LLC
Tech State/Province: CA
Tech Country: US
Tech Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Name Server: ns4.google.com
Name Server: ns2.google.com
Name Server: ns1.google.com
Name Server: ns3.google.com
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2021-01-17T02:11:02-0800 <<<
For more information on WHOIS status codes, please visit:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes
If you wish to contact this domainÔÇÖs Registrant, Administrative, or Technical
contact, and such email address is not visible above, you may do so via our web
form, pursuant to ICANNÔÇÖs Temporary Specification. To verify that you are not a
robot, please enter your email address to receive a link to a page that
facilitates email communication with the relevant contact(s).
Web-based WHOIS:
https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois
If you have a legitimate interest in viewing the non-public WHOIS details, send
your request and the reasons for your request to whoisrequest@markmonitor.com
and specify the domain name in the subject line. We will review that request and
may ask for supporting documentation and explanation.
The data in MarkMonitorÔÇÖs WHOIS database is provided for information purposes,
and to assist persons in obtaining information about or related to a domain
nameÔÇÖs registration record. While MarkMonitor believes the data to be accurate,
the data is provided "as is" with no guarantee or warranties regarding its
accuracy.
By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for
lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data to:
(1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission by email, telephone,
or facsimile of mass, unsolicited, commercial advertising, or spam; or
(2) enable high volume, automated, or electronic processes that send queries,
data, or email to MarkMonitor (or its systems) or the domain name contacts (or
its systems).
MarkMonitor reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
By submitting this query, you agree to abide by this policy.
MarkMonitor Domain Management(TM)
Protecting companies and consumers in a digital world.
Visit MarkMonitor at https://www.markmonitor.com
Contact us at +1.8007459229
In Europe, at +44.02032062220
--
Domain Name: google.com
Registry Domain ID: 2138514_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.markmonitor.com
Registrar URL: http://www.markmonitor.com
Updated Date: 2019-09-09T08:39:04-0700
Creation Date: 1997-09-15T00:00:00-0700
Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2028-09-13T00:00:00-0700
Registrar: MarkMonitor, Inc.
Registrar IANA ID: 292
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abusecomplaints@markmonitor.com
Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.2083895770
Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited)
Domain Status: serverUpdateProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverUpdateProhibited)
Domain Status: serverTransferProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverTransferProhibited)
Domain Status: serverDeleteProhibited (https://www.icann.org/epp#serverDeleteProhibited)
Registrant Organization: Google LLC
Registrant State/Province: CA
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Admin Organization: Google LLC
Admin State/Province: CA
Admin Country: US
Admin Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Tech Organization: Google LLC
Tech State/Province: CA
Tech Country: US
Tech Email: Select Request Email Form at https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois/google.com
Name Server: ns4.google.com
Name Server: ns2.google.com
Name Server: ns1.google.com
Name Server: ns3.google.com
DNSSEC: unsigned
URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/
>>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2021-01-17T02:11:02-0800 <<<
For more information on WHOIS status codes, please visit:
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes
If you wish to contact this domainÔÇÖs Registrant, Administrative, or Technical
contact, and such email address is not visible above, you may do so via our web
form, pursuant to ICANNÔÇÖs Temporary Specification. To verify that you are not a
robot, please enter your email address to receive a link to a page that
facilitates email communication with the relevant contact(s).
Web-based WHOIS:
https://domains.markmonitor.com/whois
If you have a legitimate interest in viewing the non-public WHOIS details, send
your request and the reasons for your request to whoisrequest@markmonitor.com
and specify the domain name in the subject line. We will review that request and
may ask for supporting documentation and explanation.
The data in MarkMonitorÔÇÖs WHOIS database is provided for information purposes,
and to assist persons in obtaining information about or related to a domain
nameÔÇÖs registration record. While MarkMonitor believes the data to be accurate,
the data is provided "as is" with no guarantee or warranties regarding its
accuracy.
By submitting a WHOIS query, you agree that you will use this data only for
lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data to:
(1) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission by email, telephone,
or facsimile of mass, unsolicited, commercial advertising, or spam; or
(2) enable high volume, automated, or electronic processes that send queries,
data, or email to MarkMonitor (or its systems) or the domain name contacts (or
its systems).
MarkMonitor reserves the right to modify these terms at any time.
By submitting this query, you agree to abide by this policy.
MarkMonitor Domain Management(TM)
Protecting companies and consumers in a digital world.
Visit MarkMonitor at https://www.markmonitor.com
Contact us at +1.8007459229
In Europe, at +44.02032062220
--
Consultas de subdominios
As consultas WHOIS realízanse sobre dominios de segundo nivel. Se realizamos unha consulta sobre un subdominio non obteremos resultado. O propietario dos subdominios baixo un dominio de segundo nivel é o mesmo que o do dominio de segundo nivel.
Supoñamos a consulta seguinte:
$ whois google.com
O comando anterior devolverá a información WHOIS do dominio google.com.
Supoñamos que realizamos a seguinte consulta:
$ whois www.google.com
Este comando non devolverá a información WHOIS, pero xa sabemos que é a mesma do dominio google.com.
Clasificación
ICANN ten actualmente autorizados un gran número de TLDs. A IANA organiza estes TLDs nos seguintes grupos:
- gTLD
- grTLD
- sTLD
- ccTLD
- tTLD
- ARPA
gTLD
Un gTLD (Generic Top-Level Domain) é un dominio xenérico. Os dominios xenéricos denomínanse así por razóns históricas: denominábanse xenéricos para diferencialos dos dominios territoriais. Na actualidade, un dominio xenérico é aquel que non se pode clasificar noutra categoría das definidas e poden ser adquiridos por calquera entidade.
Os primeiros gTLD definíronse en 1984 no RFC 920. Este primeiros dominios foron: .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org. Nun incio tiñan todos tres letras, pero na actualidade non teñen porque ter tres letras, senón que poden ter dúas ou máis letras.
Exemplos de gTLDs son:
| gTLD | Destinado a | Xestor |
|---|---|---|
.com | Comercio | VeriSign Global Registry Services |
.net | Internet | VeriSign Global Registry Services |
.org | Organizacións | Public Interest Registry (PIR) |
.info | Información | Afilias Limited |
.education | Educación | Binky Moon, LLC |
.futbol | Fútbol | United TLD Holdco, Ltd. |
.email | Correo electrónico | Binky Moon, LLC |
.software | Software | United TLD Holdco, Ltd |
.app | Aplicacións | Charleston Road Registry Inc. |
Dentro dos xenéricos podemos incluír subcategorías como as seguintes:
- geoTLD (Geographic Top-Level Domain): son dominios destinados para áreas xeográficas, xeopolíticas, étnicas, lingüísticas ou culturais. Son dominios xestionados polo geoTLD group.
- brandTLD (Brand Top-Level Domain): dominios destinados a empresas ou marcas.
Exemplos geoTLDs son:
| Dominio | Área xeográfica | Xestor |
|---|---|---|
.gal | Galicia | Asociación puntoGAL |
.eus | País Vasco | Puntueus Fundazioa |
.berlin | Cidade de Berlín | dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG |
.bcn | Municipio de Barcelona | Municipi de Barcelona |
Exemplos de brandTLDs son:
| Dominio | Empresa ou marca |
|---|---|
.audi | Audi |
.bbc | BBC |
.google | |
.nike | Nike |
.playstation | PlayStation |
grTLD
Un grTLD (Generic-Restricted Top-Level Domain) é un dominio restrinxido para unha entidade concreta, é dicir, non calquera entidade pode adquirir un dominio de tipo grTLD e deben presentarse documentos xustificando conforme a que se cumpren os requisitos.
Exemplos de grTLDs son:
| grTLD | Reservado a | Xestor |
|---|---|---|
.biz | Empresas | Registry Services, LLC |
.pro | Profesionais certificados | Afilias Limited |
.name | Particulares | VeriSign Information Services, Inc. |
sTLD
Un sTLD (Sponsored Top-Level Domain) é un dominio patrocinado por unha fundación independente. Este tipo de dominios adoitan ser bastante caros.
Exemplos de sTLDs son:
| grTLD | Destinado a | Xestor |
|---|---|---|
.edu | Institucións educativas | EDUCAUSE |
.gov | Gobernos | General Services Administration |
.int | Organismos internacionais | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |
.mil | Organismos de carácter militar | DoD Network Information Center |
.aero | Aeroportos | Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautique (SITA INC USA) |
.travel | Axencias de viaxe | Dog Beach, LLC |
ccTLD
Un ccTLD (Country Code Top-Level Domain) ou dominios de país representa o nome dun país. As dúas letras do país correspódense coas dúas letras establecidas na norma ISO 3166-1. Os dominios de segundo nivel que pertenzan a un destes dominios, deben pertencer ao país correspondente.
Exemplos de ccTLDs son:
| ccTLD | País | Xestor |
|---|---|---|
.es | España | Red.es |
.fr | Francia | Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération (A.F.N.I.C.) |
.uk | Reino Unido | Nominet UK |
.ad | Andorra | Andorra Telecom |
.be | Bélxica | DNS Belgium vzw/asbl |
.it | Italia | IIT - CNR |
.ch | Suíza | SWITCH The Swiss Education & Research Network |
.ru | Rusia | Coordination Center for TLD RU |
.co | Colombia | Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies (MinTIC) |
.pe | Perú | Red Cientifica Peruana |
.us | Estados Unidos | NeuStar, Inc. |
Existen casos especiais de ccTLDs que non son de país (senón de territorio xeográfico), pero que o seu código aparece recollido na ISO 3166-1.
Exemplos de casos especiais de ccTLDs son:
| ccTLD | País |
|---|---|
.eu | Unión Europea |
.ic | Illas Canarias |
tTLD
Un tTLD (Test Top-Level Domain) é un dominio reservado para probas de software. O nome foi reservado en 1999 pola Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) no RFC 2606. Este tipo de dominio non é posible rexistralo en Internet, polo tanto, non vai haber rexistros DNS en servidores DNS de Internet.
| tTLD | Destinado a |
|---|---|
.test | Probas |
.example | Documentación e exemplos |
.invalid | Probas de erros |
.localhost | Probas en local |
ARPA
Existe un dominio reservado para a administración da infraestrutura de servidores DNS. O dominio reservado é .arpa (Address and Routing Parameter Area) e defínese no RCF 3172. A utilidade destes dominios, entre outras, é a de permitir a realización de resolucións inversas (reverse DNS lookup ou reverse DNS resolution), é dicir, obter direccións IP a partir de nomes de dominio.